Presentation on DNA Vaccines Essay -- Powerpoint Presentation

VaccinesVaccines atomic number 18 one of the greatest achievements of modern medicineIn developed nations, vaccines tolerate almost exterminated infantile paralysis and smallpox and tightly controlled diseases like hepatitis A and B or typhusThere are three propagations of vaccinationsFirst generation vaccines are either trimmed or killed forms of whole organismsThere is a problem with first-gen vaccines the pathogens can still revert to dangerous forms and cause diseases in immunocompromised vaccine recipients.Second generation vaccines are specific protein antigens, which are safer, but cannot generate killer T cell responsesDNA VaccinesThird generation of vaccinesConsist of recombinant plasmids that have been transformed to attain one to two proteins form a pathogenThis DNA is injected directly into somatic cells, where, through transcription and translation, the proteins are created.The proteins are recognized as foreign and elegant by the cell and displayed on the cell su rface by MHC markersHere, they raise helper T cell, cytotoxic T cell, and antibody immune responses.Current applicationsDNA vaccines have had limited success in clinical trialsA veterinary DNA vaccines for use on horses to protect from West Nile virus has been approvedIn June 2006 and marvelous 2007, positive results were announced for vaccines against bird flu and multiple sclerosis, respectively.The technique still needs to proven conclusively in human testingUse of plasmid VectorsHighly active expression vectors elicit the best immune responseStrong viral promoters, such as Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters are most commonly usedThe plasmids most commonly used als... ... Cited ContinuedBaker, Barbara, et. al. The N gene of tobacco confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States93 (1996) 87768781.Feldstein, Paul. Personal interview. July 2008.Fig. 8ImagesFig. 1 http//ww w-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/images/germ_dna.jpgFig 2 http//www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Images/summers/plasmids.jpgFig 3http//www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/method/gtwmeth/genegungtw.gifFig 6http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Making_of_a_DNA_vaccine.jpgFig. 4 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageAntibody.svgFig. 5 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageAntigen_presentation.jpgFig. 7 http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/em_tmv.gifFig 8 http//www.technologyreview.com/files/8829/DNAVaccineBG.jpg